1013 lines
25 KiB
HTML
1013 lines
25 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<link rel="prev" href="../Windows-Freigabe%20mit%20Samba/">
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<link rel="next" href="../../Linux_Unternehmen/ubuntu-ad-dc/">
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<link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.0">
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<title>Automatisierung mit cron und systemd - Linux Grundlagen MK-IT</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.618322db.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css">
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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</head>
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<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
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<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
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<div data-md-component="skip">
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<a href="#automatisierung-mit-cron-und-systemd" class="md-skip">
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Skip to content
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</a>
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</div>
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<div data-md-component="announce">
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</div>
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<header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component="header">
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<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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<a href="../.." title="Linux Grundlagen MK-IT" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Linux Grundlagen MK-IT" data-md-component="logo">
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<img src="../../assets/Logo.png" alt="logo">
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</a>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
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<div class="md-header__topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Linux Grundlagen MK-IT
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Automatisierung mit cron und systemd
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m14.3 16-.7-2h-3.2l-.7 2H7.8L11 7h2l3.2 9zM20 8.69V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12zm-9.15 3.96h2.3L12 9z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_2" hidden>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="yellow" aria-label="Switch to system preference" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_2">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to system preference" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
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</label>
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</form>
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<script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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</label>
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
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<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
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</button>
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</nav>
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</form>
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<div class="md-search__output">
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<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
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||
<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
|
||
<div class="md-search-result__meta">
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||
Initializing search
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</div>
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<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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||
</div>
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||
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</header>
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<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
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||
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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||
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="Navigation" data-md-level="0">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
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<a href="../.." title="Linux Grundlagen MK-IT" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Linux Grundlagen MK-IT" data-md-component="logo">
|
||
|
||
<img src="../../assets/Logo.png" alt="logo">
|
||
|
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</a>
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||
Linux Grundlagen MK-IT
|
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</label>
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||
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../.." class="md-nav__link">
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||
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||
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||
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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||
|
||
|
||
Home
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||
|
||
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||
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</span>
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||
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||
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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||
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" checked>
|
||
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
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||
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Grundlagen
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
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||
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||
Grundlagen
|
||
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||
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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||
<a href="../Einstieg%20in%20Linux-Desktop/" class="md-nav__link">
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||
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||
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||
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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||
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||
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||
Einstieg in Linux-Desktop
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||
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||
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</span>
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||
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||
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</a>
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||
</li>
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../Grundlagen%20der%20Konsole/" class="md-nav__link">
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
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Grundlagen der Konsole
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||
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||
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||
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</span>
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||
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||
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||
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||
</a>
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||
</li>
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||
|
||
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../Windows-Freigabe%20mit%20Samba/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Windows-Freigabe mit Samba
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
</a>
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||
</li>
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||
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||
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|
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||
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||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Automatisierung mit cron und systemd
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
</li>
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Linux im Unternehmen
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Linux im Unternehmen
|
||
|
||
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../Linux_Unternehmen/ubuntu-ad-dc/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Ubuntu Servr als Active Directory Domain Controller
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../Linux_Unternehmen/linux-als-ad-client/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Linux als Client in Active Directory
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../Linux_Unternehmen/nextcloud-ldap/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
Nextcloud mit LDAP-Anbindung
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
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</li>
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
|
||
|
||
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Docker-Grundlagen
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BackupPC
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
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|
||
<h1 id="automatisierung-mit-cron-und-systemd">Automatisierung mit cron und systemd</h1>
|
||
<p>Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie betreiben einen Server oder eine Anwendung, die rund um die Uhr laufen muss. Als IT-Meister möchten Sie jederzeit nachvollziehen können, ob Ihr System aktiv ist und wann es zuletzt gestartet wurde. Dafür können Sie zwei klassische Linux-Automatisierungswerkzeuge nutzen:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Cronjob:</strong> Führt regelmäßig Aufgaben aus, z.B. jede Minute, jede Stunde oder einmal täglich.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>systemd-Unit:</strong> Startet Aufgaben beim Systemstart oder zu bestimmten Ereignissen.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Mit diesen Werkzeugen können Sie z.B. eine Datei anlegen oder aktualisieren, um so einen „Herzschlag" (Heartbeat) Ihres Systems zu dokumentieren.</p>
|
||
<h1 id="cron-job-jede-minute-eine-datei-aktualisieren">Cron-Job: Jede Minute eine Datei aktualisieren</h1>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Praxisbeispiel: Heartbeat-File</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>Sie möchten, dass jede Minute der Zeitstempel einer Datei (/tmp/heartbeat.txt) aktualisiert wird. Das ist nützlich, um zu prüfen, ob Cron und das System laufen.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>So geht's:</strong></p>
|
||
<p>Öffnen Sie die Crontab des aktuellen Benutzers:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>crontab -e
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Fügen Sie folgende Zeile hinzu:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>* * * * * /usr/bin/touch /tmp/heartbeat.txt
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Jetzt wird jede Minute die Datei /tmp/heartbeat.txt neu angelegt oder ihr Zeitstempel aktualisiert.</p>
|
||
<p>\newpage</p>
|
||
<h1 id="crontab-syntax-erklart">Crontab-Syntax erklärt:</h1>
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Feld</th>
|
||
<th>Bedeutung</th>
|
||
<th>Wert im Beispiel</th>
|
||
<th>Bedeutung</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Minute</td>
|
||
<td>0-59</td>
|
||
<td>*</td>
|
||
<td>jede Minute</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Stunde</td>
|
||
<td>0-23</td>
|
||
<td>*</td>
|
||
<td>jede Stunde</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Tag (Monat)</td>
|
||
<td>1-31</td>
|
||
<td>*</td>
|
||
<td>jeder Tag</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Monat</td>
|
||
<td>1-12</td>
|
||
<td>*</td>
|
||
<td>jeder Monat</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Tag (Woche)</td>
|
||
<td>0-7 (0/7 = Son)</td>
|
||
<td>*</td>
|
||
<td>jeder Wochentag</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Befehl</td>
|
||
<td>Befehl</td>
|
||
<td>/usr/bin/touch /tmp/heartbeat.txt</td>
|
||
<td>Was wird ausgeführt</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<p><strong>Beispiel:</strong></p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>* * * * * /usr/bin/touch /tmp/heartbeat.txt
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>→ Jede Minute wird die Datei angefasst („touched").</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Weitere Beispiele:</strong></p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>0 0 * * * /usr/bin/touch /tmp/midnight.txt
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li> jeden Tag um Mitternacht</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>1/5 * * * * /usr/bin/touch /tmp/every5min.txt
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>alle 5 Minuten beginnend 5 Minuten nach 1 also 6,11,16,...</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h1 id="systemd-unit-datei-beim-systemstart-aktualisieren">systemd-Unit: Datei beim Systemstart aktualisieren</h1>
|
||
<h2 id="praxisbeispiel-boot-marker"><strong>Praxisbeispiel: Boot-Marker</strong></h2>
|
||
<p>Sie möchten beim Systemstart eine Datei (/tmp/boot.txt) anlegen oder deren Zeitstempel aktualisieren, um den letzten Bootvorgang zu protokollieren.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>So geht's:</strong></p>
|
||
<p>Erstellen Sie eine neue systemd-Service-Datei:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/touch-at-boot.service
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Fügen Sie folgenden Inhalt ein:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">[Unit]</span>
|
||
<span class="na">Description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">Touch file at boot</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">[Service]</span>
|
||
<span class="na">Type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">oneshot</span>
|
||
<span class="na">ExecStart</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">/usr/bin/touch /tmp/boot.txt</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">[Install]</span>
|
||
<span class="na">WantedBy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">multi-user.target</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Datei speichern und schließen.</li>
|
||
<li>Service aktivieren und testen:</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo systemctl daemon-reload
|
||
sudo systemctl enable touch-at-boot.service
|
||
sudo systemctl start touch-at-boot.service
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Nach jedem Neustart wird /tmp/boot.txt aktualisiert.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>systemd-Unit erklärt:</strong></p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="na">[Unit]</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Metadaten und Abhängigkeiten</span>
|
||
<span class="na">Description</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Kurze Beschreibung</span>
|
||
<span class="na">[Service]</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Was soll gemacht werden?</span>
|
||
<span class="na">Type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">oneshot: Einmaliger Befehl, kein dauerhafter Prozess der überwacht werden könnte</span>
|
||
<span class="na">ExecStart</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Der auszuführende Befehl</span>
|
||
<span class="na">[Install]</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Wann/wo soll der Service gestartet werden?</span>
|
||
<span class="na">WantedBy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">multi-user.target: Startet beim normalen Systemstart</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p><strong>systemd-Kommandos:</strong></p>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo systemctl start <service> # Service sofort starten
|
||
sudo systemctl enable <service> # Service beim Boot aktivieren
|
||
sudo systemctl status <service> # Status anzeigen
|
||
sudo systemctl stop <service> # Service stoppen
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p><strong>Wann nutze ich was?</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Cronjob</strong>: Für wiederkehrende Aufgaben (regelmäßig, z.B. jede Minute, stündlich, täglich)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>systemd-Unit</strong>: Für Aufgaben beim Systemstart, beim Herunterfahren oder bei bestimmten Ereignissen</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><a class="md-button" href="../Automatisierung_mit_cron_und_systemd.pdf">PDF herunterladen</a></p>
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